- Ahmed SM, Hall AJ, Robinson AE, et al. Global prevalence of norovirus in cases of gastroenteritis: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14(8):725-730. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70767-4.
- Fischer Walker CL, Perin J, Aryee MJ, Boschi-Pinto C, Black RE. Diarrhea incidence in low- and middle-income countries in 1990 and 2010: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:220. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-220.
- White PA. Evolution of norovirus. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(8):741-745. doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12746.
- Tan M, Jiang X. Vaccine against norovirus. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10(6):1449-1456. doi:10.4161/hv.28626.
- Alhatlani B, Vashist S, Goodfellow I. Functions of the 5’ and 3’ ends of calicivirus genomes. Virus Res. 2015;206:134-143. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2015.02.002.
- McFadden N, Bailey D, Carrara G, et al. Norovirus regulation of the innate immune response and apoptosis occurs via the product of the alternative open reading frame 4. PLoS Pathog. 2011;7(12):e1002413. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002413.
- May J, Viswanathan P, Ng KK, Medvedev A, Korba B. The p4-p2’ amino acids surrounding human norovirus polyprotein cleavage sites define the core sequence regulating self-processing order. J Virol. 2014;88(18):10738-10747. doi:10.1128/JVI.01357-14.
- Hussey RJ, Coates L, Gill RS, et al. A structural study of norovirus 3C protease specificity: binding of a designed active site-directed peptide inhibitor. Biochemistry. 2011;50(2):240-249. doi:10.1021/bi1008497.
- Ayukekbong JA, Mesumbe HN, Oyero OG, Lindh M, Bergstrom T. Role of noroviruses as aetiological agents of diarrhoea in developing countries. J Gen Virol. 2015;96(8):1983-1999. doi:10.1099/vir.0.000194.
- Bertolotti-Ciarlet A, White LJ, Chen R, Prasad BV, Estes MK. Structural requirements for the assembly of Norwalk virus-like particles. J Virol. 2002;76(8):4044-4055.
- Bertolotti-Ciarlet A, Crawford SE, Hutson AM, Estes MK. The 3’ end of Norwalk virus mRNA contains determinants that regulate the expression and stability of the viral capsid protein VP1: a novel function for the VP2 protein. J Virol. 2003;77(21):11603-11615.
- Zheng DP, Ando T, Fankhauser RL, Beard RS, Glass RI, Monroe SS. Norovirus classification and proposed strain nomenclature. Virology. 2006;346(2):312-323. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2005.11.015.
- Hernandez JD, Silva LD, Sousa ECJ, et al. Analysis of uncommon norovirus recombinants from Manaus, Amazon region, Brazil: GII.P22/GII.5, GII.P7/GII.6 and GII.Pg/GII.1. Infect Genet Evol. 2016;39:365-371. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2016.02.007.
- Caddy S, Breiman A, le Pendu J, Goodfellow I. Genogroup IV and VI canine noroviruses interact with histo-blood group antigens. J Virol. 2014;88(18):10377-10391. doi:10.1128/JVI.01008-14.
- Wang QH, Costantini V, Saif LJ. Porcine enteric caliciviruses: genetic and antigenic relatedness to human caliciviruses, diagnosis and epidemiology. Vaccine. 2007;25(30):5453-5466. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.12.032.
- Shen Q, Zhang W, Yang S, Cui L, Hua X. Complete genome sequence of a new-genotype porcine norovirus isolated from piglets with diarrhea. J Virol. 2012;86(12):7015-7016. doi:10.1128/JVI.00757-12.
- Martella V, Lorusso E, Decaro N, et al. Detection and molecular characterization of a canine norovirus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(8):1306-1308. doi:10.3201/eid1408.080062.
- Moore MD, Goulter RM, Jaykus LA. Human norovirus as a foodborne pathogen: challenges and developments. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. 2015;6:411-433. doi:10.1146/annurevfood-022814-015643.
- Wobus CE, Karst SM, Thackray LB, et al. Replication of Norovirus in cell culture reveals a tropism for dendritic cells and macrophages. PLoS Biol. 2004;2(12):e432. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020432.
- Lay MK, Atmar RL, Guix S, et al. Norwalk virus does not replicate in human macrophages or dendritic cells derived from the peripheral blood of susceptible humans. Virology. 2010;406(1):1-11. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2010.07.001.
- Takanashi S, Saif LJ, Hughes JH, et al. Failure of propagation of human norovirus in intestinal epithelial cells with microvilli grown in three-dimensional cultures. Arch Virol. 2014;159(2):257-266. doi:10.1007/s00705-013-1806-4.
- Ettayebi K, Crawford SE, Murakami K, et al. Replication of human noroviruses in stem cell-derived human enteroids. Science. 2016. doi:10.1126/science.aaf5211.
- Bok K, Parra GI, Mitra T, et al. Chimpanzees as an animal model for human norovirus infection and vaccine development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(1):325-330. doi:10.1073/pnas.1014577107.
- Bui T, Kocher J, Li Y, et al. Median infectious dose of human norovirus GII.4 in gnotobiotic pigs is decreased by simvastatin treatment and increased by age. J Gen Virol. 2013;94(Pt 9):2005-2016. doi:10.1099/vir.0.054080-0.
- Souza M, Azevedo MS, Jung K, Cheetham S, Saif LJ. Pathogenesis and immune responses in gnotobiotic calves after infection with the genogroup II.4-HS66 strain of human norovirus. J Virol. 2008;82(4):1777-1786. doi:10.1128/JVI.01347-07.
- Hsu CC, Piotrowski SL, Meeker SM, Smith KD, Maggio-Price L, Treuting PM. Histologic lesions induced by murine norovirus infection in laboratory mice. Vet Pathol. 2016. doi:10.1177/0300985815618439.
- Zonta W, Mauroy A, Farnir F, Thiry E. Comparative virucidal efficacy of seven disinfectants against murine norovirus and feline calicivirus, surrogates of human norovirus. Food Environ Virol. 2016;8(1):1-12. doi:10.1007/s12560-015-9216-2.
- Arthur SE, Gibson KE. Environmental persistence of Tulane virus - a surrogate for human norovirus. Can J Microbiol. 2016;62(5):449-454. doi:10.1139/cjm-2015-0756.
- Richards GP. Critical review of norovirus surrogates in food safety research: rationale for considering volunteer studies. Food Environ Virol. 2012;4(1):6-13. doi:10.1007/s12560-011-9072-7.
- Kapikian AZ, Wyatt RG, Dolin R, Thornhill TS, Kalica AR, Chanock RM. Visualization by immune electron microscopy of a 27-nm particle associated with acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis. J Virol. 1972;10(5):1075-1081.
-
Division of Viral Diseases NCfI, Respiratory Diseases CfDC,
Prevention. Updated norovirus outbreak management and disease
prevention guidelines. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2011;60(RR-3):1-
18.
-
Hall AJ, Lopman BA, Payne DC, et al. Norovirus disease in
the United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(8):1198-1205.
doi:10.3201/eid1908.130465.
- Ajami NJ, Kavanagh OV, Ramani S, et al. Seroepidemiology
of norovirus-associated travelers’ diarrhea. J Travel Med.
2014;21(1):6-11. doi:10.1111/jtm.12092.
-
Lindesmith LC, Beltramello M, Donaldson EF, et al. Immunogenetic
mechanisms driving norovirus GII.4 antigenic variation. PLoS
Pathog. 2012;8(5):e1002705. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002705.
- Fu JG, Ai J, Qi X, Zhang J, Tang FY, Zhu YF. Emergence of two
novel norovirus genotype II.4 variants associated with viral
gastroenteritis in China. J Med Virol. 2014;86(7):1226-1234.
doi:10.1002/jmv.23799.
- Green KY. Norovirus infection in immunocompromised hosts.
Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(8):717-723. doi:10.1111/1469-
0691.12761.
-
Cummins M, Ready D. Role of the Hospital Environment in
Norovirus Containment. J Infect Dis. 2016;213 Suppl 1:S12-14.
doi:10.1093/infdis/jiv529.
- Wikswo ME, Cortes J, Hall AJ, et al. Disease transmission and
passenger behaviors during a high morbidity Norovirus outbreak
on a cruise ship, January 2009. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(9):1116-
1122. doi:10.1093/cid/cir144.
- Vega E, Barclay L, Gregoricus N, Shirley SH, Lee D, Vinje J.
Genotypic and epidemiologic trends of norovirus outbreaks in the
United States, 2009 to 2013. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(1):147-
155. doi:10.1128/JCM.02680-13.
- Leshem E, Gastanaduy PA, Trivedi T, et al. Norovirus in a United
States virgin islands resort: outbreak investigation, response, and
costs. J Travel Med. 2016;23(5). doi:10.1093/jtm/taw040.
-
Widdowson MA, Glass R, Monroe S, et al. Probable transmission
of norovirus on an airplane. JAMA. 2005;293(15):1859-1860.
doi:10.1001/jama.293.15.1859.
- Marks PJ, Vipond IB, Regan FM, Wedgwood K, Fey RE, Caul EO.
A school outbreak of Norwalk-like virus: evidence for airborne
transmission. Epidemiol Infect. 2003;131(1):727-736.
-
Atmar RL, Opekun AR, Gilger MA, et al. Determination of the
50% human infectious dose for Norwalk virus. J Infect Dis.
2014;209(7):1016-1022. doi:10.1093/infdis/jit620.
- Roth AN, Karst SM. Norovirus mechanisms of immune
antagonism. Curr Opin Virol. 2016;16:24-30. doi:10.1016/j.
coviro.2015.11.005.
-
Lee RM, Lessler J, Lee RA, et al. Incubation periods of viral
gastroenteritis: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:446.
doi:10.1186/1471-2334-13-446.
- Teunis PF, Sukhrie FH, Vennema H, Bogerman J, Beersma MF,
Koopmans MP. Shedding of norovirus in symptomatic and
asymptomatic infections. Epidemiol Infect. 2015;143(8):1710-
1717. doi:10.1017/S095026881400274X.
- Donaldson EF, Lindesmith LC, Lobue AD, Baric RS. Norovirus
pathogenesis: mechanisms of persistence and immune evasion in
human populations. Immunol Rev. 2008;225:190-211.
-
Eden JS, Hewitt J, Lim KL, et al. The emergence and evolution of
the novel epidemic norovirus GII.4 variant Sydney 2012. Virology.
2014;450-451:106-113. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2013.12.005.
- Debbink K, Donaldson EF, Lindesmith LC, Baric RS. Genetic
mapping of a highly variable norovirus GII.4 blockade epitope:
potential role in escape from human herd immunity. J Virol.
2012;86(2):1214-1226. doi:10.1128/JVI.06189-11.
- Novella IS, Presloid JB, Taylor RT. RNA replication errors and the
evolution of virus pathogenicity and virulence. Curr Opin Virol.
2014;9:143-147. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2014.09.017.
-
Bull RA, White PA. Mechanisms of GII.4 norovirus evolution. Trends
Microbiol. 2011;19(5):233-240. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2011.01.002.
-
Copper PD, Steiner-Pryor A, Scotti PD, Delong D. On the nature
of poliovirus genetic recombinants. J Gen Virol. 1974;23(1):41-49.
doi:10.1099/0022-1317-23-1-41.
- Fu JG, Ai J, Zhang J, et al. Molecular epidemiology of genogroup
II norovirus infection among hospitalized children with acute
gastroenteritis in Suzhou (Jiangsu, China) from 2010 to 2013. J
Med Virol. 2016;88(6):954-960. doi:10.1002/jmv.24429.
- Bull RA, Tanaka MM, White PA. Norovirus recombination. J Gen
Virol. 2007;88(Pt 12):3347-3359. doi:10.1099/vir.0.83321-0.
- Eden JS, Tanaka MM, Boni MF, Rawlinson WD, White PA.
Recombination within the pandemic norovirus GII.4 lineage. J
Virol. 2013;87(11):6270-6282. doi:10.1128/JVI.03464-12.
-
Puustinen L, Blazevic V, Huhti L, et al. Norovirus genotypes in
endemic acute gastroenteritis of infants and children in Finland
between 1994 and 2007. Epidemiol Infect. 2012;140(2):268-275.
doi:10.1017/S0950268811000549.
-
Kaplan JE, Feldman R, Campbell DS, Lookabaugh C, Gary GW.
The frequency of a Norwalk-like pattern of illness in outbreaks of
acute gastroenteritis. Am J Public Health. 1982;72(12):1329-1332.
- Turcios RM, Widdowson MA, Sulka AC, Mead PS, Glass RI.
Reevaluation of epidemiological criteria for identifying outbreaks
of acute gastroenteritis due to norovirus: United States, 1998-
2000. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42(7):964-969. doi:10.1086/500940.
- Oshiro LS, Haley CE, Roberto RR, et al. A 27-nm virus isolated
during an outbreak of acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis
in a convalescent hospital: a possible new serotype. J Infect Dis.
1981;143(6):791-795.
- Vyas K, Atkinson C, Clark DA, Irish D. Comparison of five
commercially available immunochromatographic tests for
the detection of norovirus in faecal specimens. J Hosp Infect.
2015;91(2):176-178. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2015.06.013.
- Thery L, Bidalot M, Pothier P, Ambert-Balay K. Evaluation
of immunochromatographic tests for the rapid detection
of the emerging GII.17 norovirus in stool samples, January
2016. Euro Surveill. 2016;21(4). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.
ES.2016.21.4.30115.
-
Xia M, Farkas T, Jiang X. Norovirus capsid protein expressed
in yeast forms virus-like particles and stimulates systemic and
mucosal immunity in mice following an oral administration of
raw yeast extracts. J Med Virol. 2007;79(1):74-83. doi:10.1002/
jmv.20762.
- Jiang X, Wang M, Graham DY, Estes MK. Expression, self-assembly,
and antigenicity of the Norwalk virus capsid protein. J Virol.
1992;66(11):6527-6532.
-
Lai H, Chen Q. Bioprocessing of plant-derived virus-like particles
of Norwalk virus capsid protein under current Good Manufacture
Practice regulations. Plant Cell Rep. 2012;31(3):573-584.
doi:10.1007/s00299-011-1196-6.
-
Santi L, Batchelor L, Huang Z, et al. An efficient plant viral
expression system generating orally immunogenic Norwalk viruslike
particles. Vaccine. 2008;26(15):1846-1854. doi:10.1016/j.
vaccine.2008.01.053.
-
Tan M, Jiang X. The p domain of norovirus capsid protein forms a
subviral particle that binds to histo-blood group antigen receptors.
J Virol. 2005;79(22):14017-14030. doi:10.1128/JVI.79.22.14017-
14030.2005.
-
Atmar RL, Bernstein DI, Harro CD, et al. Norovirus vaccine
against experimental human Norwalk Virus illness. N Engl J Med.
2011;365(23):2178-2187. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1101245.
- LoBue AD, Lindesmith L, Yount B, et al. Multivalent norovirus
vaccines induce strong mucosal and systemic blocking antibodies
against multiple strains. Vaccine. 2006;24(24):5220-5234.
doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.080.
- El-Kamary SS, Pasetti MF, Mendelman PM, et al. Adjuvanted
intranasal Norwalk virus-like particle vaccine elicits antibodies and
antibody-secreting cells that express homing receptors for mucosal
and peripheral lymphoid tissues. J Infect Dis. 2010;202(11):1649-
1658. doi:10.1086/657087.
-
Tacket CO, Sztein MB, Losonsky GA, Wasserman SS, Estes MK.
Humoral, mucosal, and cellular immune responses to oral Norwalk
virus-like particles in volunteers. Clin Immunol. 2003;108(3):241-
247.